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Terms in this set (65)

A good sign that your learning is effective and long-lasting is that you find your learning experience quite easy and going very smoothly.

false

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following types of processing is considered the DEEPEST?

semantic (meaning-based) processing

In the alcohol study discussed in today's lecture, which of the four groups actually was the WORST in their recall performance?

drunk encoding & sober retrieval

Which of the following is NOT identified in class as a contributing factor to procrastination?

A fixed mindset

Which of the following types of goals are the WORST ones to have if you want to maximize long-term learning and academic achievement?

performance avoidance goals

If, the time of encoding, you are NOT sure exactly what the retrieval context would be like, which of the following concepts is most likely helpful to maximize your later recall performance?

Which of the following is NOT a good way to implement some popular study strategies?

Drop flashcards from study after one successful recall attempt

If you know exactly how you are going to be tested on an exam (e.g., writing down a definition for each technical term), you should adjust your study method so that the way you study matches the way you recall information the time of the exam. This idea captures the essence of which of the memory principles covered in the Module 1 lectures?

transfer-appropriate processing

Massed learning likely promotes (a)__________, whereas spaced learning likely promotes (b)__________.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

When you use flashcards to study for an exam (with the goal of achieving long-term retention), which of the following should you AVOID doing?

all of the above

Suppose you want to remember the name of a restaurant called "Prego." You therefore think about how "prego" means "please" in Italian, and you also think about the brand name of a popular spaghetti sauce. This kind of mental activity is called:

elaborative rehearsal

Which of the following is the LEAST likely negative consequences DIRECTLY caused by using smartphones in a lecture for reasons unrelated to the ongoing class activities (e.g., checking text messages)?

Substantially inflating metacognitive judgments about learning

Repeated learning ensures long-lasting memories, as long as you are exposed to the to-be-learned material many, many times.

False

Recent research has shown that taking notes on computers tends to be less effective than taking notes using pen and paper primarily because computer note-takers tend to copy words/sentences verbatim and hence might not engage in deep and elaborative processing.

True

According to the results of the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, which of the following groups were MOST CONFIDENT about their learning immediately after the learning took place?

Restudy group

According to the results of the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, which of the following groups performed BEST on the comprehension questions administered a week later?

Retrieval group

Imagine that you are taking an exam, and you just realize that you can't recall a particular piece of information. Which of the following stages of memory processes is MOST likely responsible for your forgetting?

all three stages above can be responsible for your forgetting

Which of the following is NOT among the seven principles of effective learning overviewed in the 08/27 (T) class?

massed learning

Consider the Kornell & Bjork (2008) study discussed during the 08/27 (T) lecture (the one about the learning of the painting styles of different artists). When participants later performed a test of their learning (i.e., identify the artist for each NEW painting they did not see in the earlier learning phase), the results indicated that:

mixed learning led to much better classification performance than blocked learning

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?

How we breath everyday

In this class, you answer some in-class quiz questions, take a post-lecture online quiz (like this), a cumulative mid-term exam after every five lectures, and then a cumulative final exam the end. This schedule requires you to review what you learned multiple times by steadily increasing the time intervals between your successive review sessions. In other words, this schedule takes advantage of __________.

expanding retrieval practice

Consider the following recommendation from the Optimizing Learning in College article (one of the required readings for Week 1): "Be skeptical about what you think you know---testing yourself can provide a better picture about which concepts you know well and which you might need to study further." The recommendation that you "be skeptical about what you think you know" is based most DIRECTLY on the fact that ____________.

people do not always have good metacognition about their own learning

Consider the following recommendation made in the Optimizing Learning in College article (one of the required readings for Week 1): "Instead of writing down a chapter summary as you read, write down what you remember after you read, recalling the details from memory. [...]" This recommendation is most DIRECTLY relevant to which of the following principles of effective learning?

retrieval practice

This question concerns a hypothetical experiment similar to an in-class demo given in class. In this study, subjects are divided into three groups (Groups 1, 2, & 3) and asked to process words in three different ways:

Group 1: judge whether each word fits a particular sentence context
Group 2: decide whether each word rhymes with some other word
Group 3: count the number of letters in each word
The three groups of subjects are later given a surprise recall task, in which they have to recall as many words as possible.

Subjects' recall performance in this study would likely be BEST in which group?

group 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the levels of processing theory?

It states that semantic (meaning-based) processing of material usually leads to better retention than visual or phonological (sound-based) processing

In the Karpicke and Blunt (2011) study, four groups of subjects studied a lengthy text in Session 1 and answered verbatim and inference questions about the text a week later (Session 2). The four groups differed only in the way they studied the text in Session 1:

Group 1 read the text only once
Group 2 read the text once and then read it again
Group 3 read the text once and then created a detailed concept map
Group 4 read the text once and then tried to recall as much information as possible
Which of the four groups were (i) the MOST confident and (ii) the LEAST confident, respectively, about what they learned from the text the end of Session 1?

(i) the most confident = Group 2; (ii) the least confident = Group 4

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with effective long-term learning and high levels of academic achievement?

optimism bias

One important aspect of reducing procrastination identified during the 09/05 (TH) lecture is to (a)__________. One possible way to overcome this challenge is to (b)__________.

(a) overcome the initial resistance due to task aversion; (b) develop a starting ritual using a method like the pomodoro technique

In a study conducted by Roediger and Karpicke (2006), two groups of participants tried to learn word pairs (Swahili words and its English counterparts). Group 1 studied a list of word pairs and then studied it again (study-study). Group 2 studied the same list of word pairs and then tried to recall the words (study-test). When the participants' memory of the word pairs was tested later, Group 2 (study-test) outperformed Group 1 (study-study) when their memory was tested _________ after the learning session.

Both (b) and (c), but not (a)

Suppose that a friend of yours just told you that she is not entirely sure exactly what sort of questions will be asked on a forthcoming exam for a social psychology class, but that she plans to use flashcards to study for the exam. Which of the following study tips should you give her if you want to help her do well on this exam?

All of the above (all three pieces of advice are good ones to give her)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Both (b) and (c), but not (a)

Consider the following two ideas:

(a) Testing is effective for learning
(b) Having good background knowledge about a topic you will be learning helps you integrate new information into your existing knowledge really well
Which of the seven principles of effective learning covered in the Module 1 lectures is MOST STRONGLY associated with each of these two ideas?

(a) retrieval practice; (b) deep & elaborative processing

Which of the following is NOT a recommended study strategy, according to the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Retyping your handwritten lecture notes is a good way to review what you learned in that lecture

When asked "What is the capital of Australia?," many people say "Sydney" and are quite confident of their answer, even though the correct answer is "Canberra." This discrepancy (i.e., being highly confident of a wrong answer) is a reflection of ___________.

inaccurate metacognition

Which of the following is NOT a recommended study strategy, according to the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Write a chapter summary as you read

When you try to answer some quiz questions, you might realize that you don't have a good understanding or memory of a particular study topic. You might then decide to try to review the lecture notes on that topic or reread that specific portion of the textbook chapter. In this situation, your realization that you don't have a good understanding reflects the metacognitive process of (a)__________, whereas your decision to try to review notes or reread the textbook reflects the metacognitive process of (b)__________.

(a) monitoring; (b) control

Which of the following is NOT among the strategies recommended by the authors of the Optimizing Learning in College article?

Learn how to speedread the assigned readings

According to the authors of the Optimizing Learning in College article, which form of note-taking is more effective for learning: typing on a máy tính and writing by hand?

Writing by hand

When you use flashcards for studying for exams, which of the following should you try to AVOID?

Removing a card after recalling it correctly once

The strategy of answering some comprehension questions about some topic BEFORE you start learning that topic is

effective as a learning strategy by making it easier for students to connect new information to what they already know while reading the text.

Imagine that you have read a textbook chapter multiple times. By the time you read the chapter for the fourth time, you feel that the reading the chapter becomes easier and easier and may even feel that you must have truly learned the content of that chapter. This sense of ease in processing you experienced is called (a)__________, and this in-the-moment feeling you experience (b)__________ a good indication of durable learning.

(a) fluency; (b) is not necessarily

According to the Metacognition chapter, which of the following actions would MOST LIKELY help you improve the accuracy of your metacognitive judgments of your learning?

Both (a) and (b), but not (c)

Imagine that you are studying for an exam. When you started to review the slides for a particular lecture, (a) you felt that you don't have a good understanding of a specific experiment discussed in that lecture. For this reason, (b) you decided to go talk to your professor during his office hours about this particular experiment. Which of the following statements is true about your realization (a) and your decision/action (b)?

(a) is an example of the metacognitive processes of monitoring, whereas (b) is an example of the metacognitive processes of control.

Which of the following flashcard practices is HARMFUL to your learning, according to the Five Popular Study Strategies article?

Dropping items correctly recalled once from further study

According to the authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article, note-taking has been shown to be beneficial for:

both encoding and storage (reviewing)

The authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article actually make which of the following claims about rereading in this article?

Rereading can give students the false impression that they are effectively learning the text because the second reading is often perceived to be more fluent.

Note-taking research has shown that, when students take notes with a computer, they are more likely to __________ than when they take notes with paper and pencil.

copy the lecture content verbatim

If you want to use the note-taking strategy to effectively and deeply ENCODE information during learning, you should:

try to engage in generative processes

According to the Five Popular Study Strategies article, which of the following study strategies does NOT require much prior training before you can start using that strategy effectively?

(b) Rereading

The tendency of students to be ineffective in knowing when to drop learned flash cards can be considered an issue of __________ .

inaccurate metacognition

Recent research has shown that:

(a) taking notes on computers is less effective than longhand note-taking primarily because computer note-takers tend to copy words/sentences verbatim and hence do not engage in deeper processing.
(b) This limitation of computer note-taking, however, can easily be remedied by simply reminding the note-takers to avoid verbatim note-taking.

true, false

The Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, presented during the 08/30 (TH) lecture, clearly demonstrated that subjects' intuition about how much they learned (= judgments of learning) is quite accurate.

false

Which of the following types of goals are the WORST ones to have if you want to maximize long-term learning and academic achievement?

performance avoidance goals

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Music with lyrics does not have any negative effect on learning, even for verbally oriented tasks

Which of the following statement is TRUE about procrastination?

(a) Impulsive individuals tend to procrastinate more than non-impulsive individuals

The principles of (a) "good time and motivation management" and (b) "spaced learning" essentially suggest that you avoid (a)________ and (b)________, respectively.

(a) procrastination; (b) cramming

In the Roediger & Karpicke (2006) study, two groups of participants learned a list of Swahili-English word pairs. One group studied the list twice (study-study). The other group studied the list and then tried to recall words (study-test). The study-test group outperformed the study-study group in their later recall performance when the recall test occurred:

2 days, 1 week, not 5min

You studied a list of Spanish words. After resting for about an hour, you studied a list of French words. When you tried to recall the Spanish words you memorized earlier, you had difficulty because the French words kept popping up in your mind. This example provides a nice illustration of __________.

retroactive

During the 09/05 (TH) class, you participated in a demonstration in which you had to make a series of color and shape judgments (e.g., deciding whether the shape of an object is a circle or a triangle and deciding whether the color of an object is green or red). This demonstration nicely illustrates the idea that switching back and forth between tasks incurs substantial processing costs in terms of both accuracy and speed.

true

Although the evidence suggests that engaging in truyền thông multitasking negatively affects learning and academic performance, this negative impact is limited to those individuals who actually multitask during learning. Students who can see their peers multitask in a classroom but are not multitasking themselves do NOT experience the same negative impact of multitasking on their learning.

false

During the 08/27 (T) lecture, I gave you a in-class memory demo, in which we compared the effectiveness of two memory strategies for learning pairs of words: the repetition method and the imagery method. What did we find?

imagery method was better

Which of the following seven principles of effective learning is the MOST directly relevant to the idea that it is important to avoid cramming?

spaced learning

According to the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study discussed in class, which of the following groups was MOST confident about their learning RIGHT AFTER the initial learning session was over?

restudy group

Which of the following statements is the BEST description of Ebbinghaus's famous forgetting curve?

The majority of memory loss occurs in the first 24 hours or so, but some forgetting still occurs gradually after that

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

(a) Multitasking is harmful to classroom learning not only for individuals who are engaged in truyền thông multitasking during learning but also for those who see other people multitasking

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