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Nội dung chính Show- PSY 311U: HUMAN DEVELOPMENTMoral Development: Cognitive-Developmental ApproachKohlberg's Method: Moral Development Levels:Moral Development:Moral Development (Cont):Preconventional Morality: Stages 1 & 2Stage 1
Morality: Punishment & Obedience OrientationStage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation (Cont): Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist OrientationStage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation (Cont):Conventional Morality: Stages 3 & 4Conventional Morality (Cont): Stages 3 & 4Stage 3 Morality: Good Boy/Nice Girl OrientationStage 4 Morality: Law-and-Order
OrientationStage 4 Morality (Cont): Law-and-Order OrientationPostconventional (Principled) Morality: STAGES 5 & 6Stage 5 Morality:Social Contract OrientationStage 5 Morality (Cont): Social Contract
Orientation Stage 6 Morality: Universal Ethical Principle OrientationStage 6 Morality (Cont): Universal Ethical Principle Orientation What are the 6 ethical standards?What are the universal ethics of standards?What are the 5 ethical standards?What are the 7 ethical principles in ethics?
PSY 311U: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Lecture 15
Moral Development: Cognitive-Developmental Approach
- Lawrence KohlbergUsed philosophy in order to define what is moral Morality is a philosophical (ethical), rather than a behavioral, concept
Justice:
- The most essential structure of morality Justice =
EqualityJustice is not a RULEJustice is a MORAL PRINCIPLEGilligan: CARE
Kohlberg's Method:
- Uses Piaget's approachConfronts person with moral dilemma in the form of a story One example: Heinz dilemma
Moral Development Levels:
- Preconventional Level:
Stages 1 & 2 Conventional Level: Stages 3 & 4 Postconventional (Principled) Level: Stages 5 & 6
Moral Development:
- All human beings, everywhere, develop moral thinking through stages Morality develops slowly
Moral Development (Cont):
- Broad sweep of moral
development:
Self-focus / Conformity / Principled Morality
Preconventional Morality: Stages 1 & 2
- Stages of childhood; unusual in adults Moral thinking dominated by child's egocentric needs and desires Moral judgments made solely on basis of anticipated punishment or reward Perspective of self dominates
Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation
- Decide about issues on basis of personal fear & avoidance of punishment Physical consequences of action determine its goodness/badness Stage 1 person avoids trouble by obeying powerful authorities
Stage 1 Morality: Punishment & Obedience Orientation (Cont):
- What is
Moral: Obedience to commands of authority in order to avoid punishment Do what you do in order to avoid displeasing those who have power over you
Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation
- What is Moral: Whatever satisfies one's own needs & occasionally needs of othersAny behavior is good if outcome is advantageous to self Stage 2
person inclined to exchange favors
Stage 2 Morality: Instrumental Hedonist Orientation (Cont):
- Sense of fair exchange based on pragmatic values Sense of noninterference in affairs or values of others About 5% of adults are preconventional, most Stage 2
Conventional Morality: Stages 3 & 4
- First
appears in adolescenceIndividual has internalized values of others Moral thinking based on recognition of conventional order & rules/laws laid down by society
Conventional Morality (Cont): Stages 3 & 4
- See it as valuable to maintain expectations of family, group, nation CONFORM to these expectationsPerspectives of others
recognized: particular social groups or authorities
Stage 3 Morality: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation
- Moral judgments determined by values of others--parents or peers Emphasis on conformity and being "nice" What is Moral: Whatever meets expectations of others Modal stage for women
Stage 4 Morality: Law-and-Order Orientation
- Sense of duty & positive responsibility to others Rules & obligations valued because they're necessary for stable society "What would happen if everybody...?"
Stage 4 Morality (Cont): Law-and-Order Orientation
- What is Moral: ... Doing one's dutyShowing respect for
authorityMaintaining social order for its own sake Modal stage for men
Postconventional (Principled) Morality: STAGES 5 & 6
- If it develops all, not until adulthood Rooted in principles of justice that are valid apart from authority Based on rational considerations of moral obligation Perspective of
all individuals Only 1/6 to 1/8 of adults
Stage 5 Morality:Social Contract Orientation
- Concern for creation of "good" laws & rules that maximize individual welfareRules are social contracts made for a specific purpose Contract is essential obligation, not content of rule
Stage 5 Morality (Cont): Social Contract Orientation
- Majority will & majority welfare important Greatest good for greatest number What is Moral: Standards democratically agreed upon by whole society
Stage 6 Morality: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Respect for equal value of lives Respect for all persons as ends (not as means to an
end) Self-chosen, fully internalized principles that are universally valid
Stage 6 Morality (Cont): Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- What is Moral: Decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principlesUniversal principles of justice Reciprocity & equality of human
rights Respect for dignity of human beings as individual persons
END
Your Notes
What are the 6 ethical standards?
The principles are beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice; truth-telling and promise-keeping.What are the universal ethics of standards?
Universal ethical standards are norms that apply to all people across a broad spectrum. Ethics has six core values and they are: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship.What are the 5 ethical standards?
Moral Principles Reviewing these ethical principles which are the foundation of the guidelines often helps to clarify the issues involved in a given situation. The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute truths in and of themselves.What are the 7 ethical principles in ethics?
WHAT ARE THE 7 MAIN ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN NURSING AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT? There are seven primary ethical principles of nursing: accountability, justice, nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, and veracity. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết What are the 6 universal ethical standards? Cryto Eth Universal moral principles Universal moral code Universal values PDF