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By Dr. Saul McLeod updated 2022
Nội dung chính- Critical EvaluationWho was one of the first researchers to explore classical conditioning?Who pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of learning?What is Pavlov theory?Who is Skinner and what is his theory?
Who pioneered research in classical conditioning?Who discovered classical conditioning?Who conducted the classical conditioning experiment with Little Albert?Which one of the following is the first primary law of learning according to the theory of Thorndike?What did Skinner do?What did Thorndike study?Who came first Pavlov or Skinner?What is Albert Bandura theory?What is stimulus response theory?Where did BF Skinner develop his theory?What is John B Watson known for?When did Skinner develop his theory?Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he do?Who influenced Ivan Pavlov?What is Pavlov known for?How is Pavlov theory used in the classroom?When did Pavlov publish classical conditioning?When was the Little Albert
study conducted?Who is Little Albert and what does he have to do with learning?What did Watson do in the Little Albert experiment?Which of the following is the first stage in the learning process?What are the Thorndike laws of learning?What is the primary law of learning?Who are skinners?What is Skinner's reinforcement theory?How did BF Skinner impact education?Who among the following Emphasises SR connection for learning?Who was the founder of American behaviorism?Who is the founder of behavioral approach?Who proposed behaviorism theory?What did
Bandura research?Who is the father of educational psychology?What is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response?What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?Is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response?Which of the following types of learning applies to involuntary behavior quizlet?
The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that:
"responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation (Gray, 2011, p. 108–109)."Edward Thorndike (1898) is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within Behaviorism.
Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between events, operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our behavior.
Skinner wasn’t the first psychologist to study learning by consequences. Indeed, Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is built on the ideas of Edward Thorndike.
Thorndike studied learning in animals (usually cats). He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box (see fig. 1) to empirically test the laws of learning.
Fig 1: Simplified graph of the result of the puzzle box experiment.
He placed a cat in the puzzle box, which was encourage to escape to reach a scrap of fish placed outside. Thorndike would put a cat into the box and time how long it took to escape. The cats experimented with different ways to escape the puzzle box and reach the fish.
Eventually they would stumble upon the lever which opened the cage. When it had escaped it was put in again, and once more the time it took to escape was noted. In successive trials the cats would learn that pressing the lever would have favorable consequences and they would adopt this behavior, becoming increasingly quick pressing the lever.
Edward Thorndike put forward a “Law of effect” which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.
[embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fanm--WyQJo[/embed]
Critical Evaluation
Thorndike (1905) introduced the concept of reinforcement and was the first to apply psychological principles to the area of learning.
His research led to many theories and laws of learning, such as operant conditioning. Skinner (1938), like Thorndike, put animals in boxes and observed them to see what they were able to learn.
The learning theories of Thorndike and Pavlov were later synthesized by Hull (1935). Thorndike's research drove comparative psychology for fifty years, and influenced countless psychologists over that period of time, and even still today.
How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2022, January 14). Edward Thorndike. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/edward-thorndike.html
APA Style ReferencesGray, P. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.) Tp New York: Worth Publishers.
Hull, C. L. (1935). The conflicting psychologies of learning—a way out. Psychological Review, 42(6), 491.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. Tp New York: Appleton-Century.
Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 2(4), i-109.
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology. Tp New York: A. G. Seiler.
How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2022, January 14). Edward Thorndike. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/edward-thorndike.html
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Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949), who observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. Who was one of the first scientists to study global warming? history of global warming.
B.F. Skinner is famous for his pioneering research in the field of learning and behavior. He proposed the theory to study complex human behavior by studying the voluntary responses shown by an organism when placed in the certain environment. He named these behaviors or responses as operant.
Who was one of the first researchers to explore classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented the same time that they were given food.
Who pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of learning?
Edward ThorndikeBorn Edward Lee ThorndikeAugust 31, 1874 Williamsburg, Massachusetts, United States Died August 9, 1949 (aged 74) Montrose, Tp New York, United States Nationality American Education Wesleyan University (B.S.) Harvard University (M.A.) Columbia University (Ph.D.)What is Pavlov theory?
Pavlov’s Theory of Classical Conditioning Based on his observations, Pavlov suggested that the salivation was a learned response. Pavlov’s dog subjects were responding to the sight of the research assistants’ white lab coats, which the animals had come to associate with the presentation of food.
Who is Skinner and what is his theory?
B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his influence on behaviorism. Skinner referred to his own philosophy as ‘radical behaviorism’ and suggested that the concept of không lấy phí will was simply an illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning.
Who pioneered research in classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov was born in September 1849 and died February 29 1936. He was a pioneer in Research to do with Classical conditioning.
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Pavlov’s Experiment Classical conditioning was stumbled upon by accident. Pavlov was conducting research on the digestion of dogs when he noticed that the dogs’ physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first, the dogs would only salivate when the food was placed in front of them.
Who conducted the classical conditioning experiment with Little Albert?
The Little Albert experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner. 1 Previously, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov had conducted experiments demonstrating the conditioning process in dogs.
Which one of the following is the first primary law of learning according to the theory of Thorndike?
Hence, we conclude that the ‘Law of exercise‘ is the primary law of learning propounded by Edward I. Thorndike.
What did Skinner do?
B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning — the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
What did Thorndike study?
Thorndike studied learning in animals (usually cats). He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box (see fig. 1) to empirically test the laws of learning.
Who came first Pavlov or Skinner?
Watson (1878-1958), who rejected introspective methods and sought to restrict psychology to experimental methods; and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990), who conducted research on operant conditioning. The first of these, Ivan Pavlov, is known for his work on one important type of learning, classical conditioning.
What is Albert Bandura theory?
Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. … Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.
What is stimulus response theory?
Stimulus Response Theory is a concept in psychology that refers to the belief that behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response. … In other words, behavior cannot exist without a stimulus of some sort, least from this perspective.
Where did BF Skinner develop his theory?
At Harvard, B.F. Skinner looked for a more objective and measured way to study behavior. He developed what he called an operant conditioning apparatus to do this, which became better known as the Skinner box. With this device, Skinner could study an animal interacting with its environment.
What is John B Watson known for?
Watson is famous for having founded classical behaviourism, an approach to psychology that treated behaviour (both animal and human) as the conditioned response of an organism to environmental stimuli and inner biological processes and that rejected as unscientific all supposed psychological phenomena that were not …
When did Skinner develop his theory?
Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a ‘Skinner Box’ which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box.
Who was Ivan Pavlov and what did he do?
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food.
Who influenced Ivan Pavlov?
Ivan Pavlov ForMemRSInfluencedJohn B. Watson Joseph Wolpe
What is Pavlov known for?
What was Ivan Pavlov best known for? Ivan Pavlov developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex. He trained a hungry dog to salivate the sound of a metronome or buzzer, which was previously associated with the sight of food.
How is Pavlov theory used in the classroom?
Pavlov recognized that a neutral stimulus associates with a reflex response through conditioning. For example, when a teacher claps out a pattern, students repeat the pattern while focusing their attention to the teacher.
When did Pavlov publish classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning was first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov, who conducted experiments with dogs and published his findings in 1897. During the Russian physiologist’s study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the dogs serving as his subjects drooled when they were being served meat.
When was the Little Albert study conducted?
The “Little Albert” experiment, performed in 1919 by John Watson of Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, was the first to show that a human could be classically conditioned. The fate of Albert B has intrigued researchers ever since.
Who is Little Albert and what does he have to do with learning?
Little Albert was a 9-month-old infant who was tested on his reactions to various neutral stimuli. He was shown a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey and various masks. Albert described as “on the whole stolid and unemotional” showed no fear of any of these stimuli.
What did Watson do in the Little Albert experiment?
A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert and he was allowed to play with it. At this point, Watson and Rayner made a loud sound behind Albert’s back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer each time the baby touched the rat. Albert responded to the noise by crying and showing fear.
Which of the following is the first stage in the learning process?
The first stage of learning is Unconscious Incompetence. This is the stage where the learner has not learned anything yet. The students have no knowledge or skill—and don’t even feel the need to learn a new skill.
What are the Thorndike laws of learning?
Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) gives four important laws in learning. They are law of readiness, law of exercise, law of effect and law of belonging.
What is the primary law of learning?
Primary laws of learning are as follow- Law of effect – is a satisfying effect following the response strengthens the connection between the stimulus and the behaviour.
Who are skinners?
1a : one that đơn hàng in skins, pelts, or hides. b : one that removes, cures, or dresses skins. 2 : sharper. 3 : a driver of draft animals : teamster. Skinner.
What is Skinner's reinforcement theory?
Along with his associates, Skinner proposed the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. It states that behavior is a function of its consequences—an individual will repeat behavior that led to positive consequences and avoid behavior that has had negative effects. This phenomenon is also known as the ‘law effect’.
How did BF Skinner impact education?
To Skinner, learning meant changing behaviors. He believed that people learn in two ways: by striving for positive things and by avoiding negative things. Skinner’s theory works particularly well for behavioral modification, which is a program meant to change someone’s behavior.
Who among the following Emphasises SR connection for learning?
Thorndike, an American Psychologist was the pro-pounder of this theory. It is the theory of connectionism. To Thorndike the basic unit of behaviour is S.R. Connection.
Who was the founder of American behaviorism?
John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school.
Who is the founder of behavioral approach?
With a 1924 publication, John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events. It was not until the 1930s that B. F.
Who proposed behaviorism theory?
The school of behaviorism emerged in the 1910s, led by John B. Watson. Unlike psychodynamic theorists, behaviorists study only observable behavior.
What did Bandura research?
Albert Bandura, (born December 4, 1925, Mundare, Alberta, Canada—died July 26, 2022, Stanford, California, U.S.), Canadian-born American psychologist and originator of social cognitive theory who is probably best known for his modeling study on aggression, referred to as the “Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated …
Who is the father of educational psychology?
“Considered the father of Educational Psychology, Edward Lee Thorndike was devoted throughout his career to understanding the process of learning.
What is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response?
Reinforcement causes the association between the stimulus and the voluntary response to be learned.What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
What would you predict about Little Albert based on principle of spontaneous recovery? Little Albert would eventually forget about his fear to the white rat, sealskin coat, rabbit, and the dog.Is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response?
Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it is the original conditioned stimulus. Stimulus discrimination is the tendency to lack a conditioned response to a new stimulus that's similar to the original conditioned stimulus.Which of the following types of learning applies to involuntary behavior quizlet?
Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? both apply to involuntary behavior. spontaneous recovery occurs in both. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?